Hydrogen Production and Storage: A Chemical Perspective

Abstract

Hydrogen is an energy carrier with applications in fuel cells, chemical manufacturing, refining, and potentially long-duration energy storage. Its production and storage are strongly governed by chemical principles involving molecular bonds, catalysis, electrochemistry, thermodynamics, materials chemistry, and gas-phase behavior. Hydrogen can be produced from water, natural gas, biomass, and other feedstocks using methods such as electrolysis, steam reforming, and thermochemical conversion. Storage can involve compression, liquefaction, chemical carriers, metal hydrides, and porous materials. This paper examines nine major dimensions of hydrogen production and storage from a chemical perspective, including production pathways, electrolysis, catalysts, thermochemical methods, hydrogen purification, physical storage, material-based storage, safety, and sustainable future applications.