European Rivalry over Africa before the Second Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Abstract

The European presence in Africa occupies an important place in modern historical studies because of the sensitivity and centrality of the subject. The pace of this presence accelerated during the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in the few years preceding the Second Berlin Conference (1884-1885). These developments prepared the way for the partition of the continent among the major colonial powers. This study examines European influence in Africa before the conference. It focuses on the limited European presence before 1860 and on the change in European attitudes toward inland expansion after 1876. It also considers the factors behind that change, the clash of European interests, and the beginning of the Scramble for Africa. Particular attention is given to Germany's entry into the colonial rivalry and to the development of the Congo crisis, which became a direct factor in convening the conference.