Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production: Recent Developments and Challenges

Abstract

An eco-friendly and renewable way to make hydrogen fuel is by photocatalytic water splitting, a technique that shows promise for long-term hydrogen production. new developments in photocatalytic materials, with an emphasis on catalysts that enhance water splitting efficiency, including photocatalysts based on semiconductors, heterojunction structures, and co-catalysts. To improve light absorption, charge separation, and catalytic activity, key trends involve using visible light-active photocatalysts, surface modifications, and nano structuring. Problems with scalability, photocatalyst stability over the long term, and poor solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency continue to be major obstacles to commercialization, despite considerable improvements. the continuing endeavors to resolve these concerns, highlighting the significance of novel materials, well-planned systems, and practical economics in promoting photocatalytic water splitting for industrial-scale hydrogen supply. In order to speed up the application of this technology for sustainable energy solutions, the review finishes by describing possible avenues for future research and ways to address existing limits.